A) indicates common ancestors.
B) indicates the organism's taxon.
C) uses only derived characters.
D) indicates common ancestors for each family.
E) includes the organism's order and class. A phylogenetic tree indicates both an organism's ancestors and its lines of descent. It does not directly indicate the taxon of an organism.
G) C) and E)
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B) False
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A) the forelimb of a bat and the forelimb of a horse
B) the wings of a fly and the wings of a sparrow
C) the pelvis of a human and the pelvis of a whale
D) the flipper of a dolphin and the arm of a human
E) the wings of a bird and the forelimbs of a reptile Analogous structures are those that evolve separately to achieve the same function and often appear in unrelated organisms. The wings of insects and the wings of birds both serve the same purpose.
G) C) and E)
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A) Pleistocene, Ordovician, and Triassic
B) Ordovician, Triassic, and Jurassic
C) Triassic, Permian, and Cretaceous
D) Triassic, Permian, Cretaceous, Pleistocene, Ordovician, and Devonian
E) Ordovician, Triassic, Jurassic, Silurian, Eocene, and Oligocene The Triassic, Permian, Cretaceous, Pleistocene, Ordovician, and Devonian periods all ended with mass extinction events. However, most scientists also agree that mass extinctions continue throughout the modern Holocene epoch due to the activities of human civilization.
G) A) and C)
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A) Three-chambered heart is the most inclusive character on the cladogram.
B) The snake and lizard share a common ancestor that does not have the characters internal fertilization or amniotic membrane in egg.
C) The character notochord in embryo is not shared by the common ancestor to all of the organisms on the cladogram.
D) The two organisms furthest from each other on the cladogram share only two common characters.
E) The character long cylindrical body is useful in placing the snake and eel into the cladogram. It can be seen that an earlier common ancestor to the snake and lizard, also shared with the newt, did not possess the characters internal fertilization or amniotic membrane in egg.
G) C) and D)
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A) The gibbon is more closely related to the rhesus monkey than to the chimpanzee.
B) The galago is more closely related to the green monkey than to the capuchin.
C) The green monkey and rhesus monkey share a common ancestor with the gibbon and chimpanzee.
D) The gibbon does not share a common ancestor with the chimpanzee or human.
E) The green monkey and rhesus monkey share a more recent common ancestor than do the chimpanzee and human. The only correct statement here is that the green monkey and rhesus monkey share a common ancestor with the gibbon and chimpanzee, about 30 MYA. The galago is no further removed from the capuchin than it is from the green monkey ancestor about 40 MYA) . The gibbon shares a more recent common ancestor with the chimpanzee about 25 MYA) than it does with the rhesus monkey about 30 MYA) . The green monkey and rhesus monkey share a common ancestor about 20 MYA, while the chimpanzee and human share a common ancestor only about 5 MYA.
G) D) and E)
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A) plate tectonics
B) habitat loss
C) meteorite impacts
D) continental drift
E) punctuated equilibrium The movement of continents continental drift) as a result of plate tectonic activity is thought to have greatly reduced some types of habitats and contributed to mass extinction events at various times. Likewise, cataclysmic events such as a meteorite impact may have caused the mass extinction of the dinosaurs. Only the punctuated equilibrium model, which merely suggests that species tend to remain mostly the same for long periods of time before rapidly evolving, is not a cause of mass extinction events.
G) A) and B)
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A) A combination of molecular data, fossil records, and anatomical homologies shows the human is more closely related to the chimpanzee than to the green monkey.
B) The green monkey and rhesus monkey cannot reproduce with each other because of a postzygotic isolating mechanism.
C) The chimpanzee and human must have evolved as a result of allopatric speciation.
D) There is no single common ancestor to all of the organisms displayed on this phylogenetic tree.
E) The gibbon and human are no more closely related than the green monkey and human are. The correct statement here is that the human is more closely related to the chimpanzee than to the green monkey. The phylogenetic tree provides no information regarding the method of speciation or whether it is maintained by a prezygotic or postzygotic isolating mechanism. All of the organisms on the tree are related to a single common ancestor about 40 MYA the "root" of the tree) . The gibbon and human share a more recent common ancestor 25 MYA) than do the human and green monkey 30 MYA) , so that statement is not true.
G) A) and D)
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A) plants
B) humans
C) birds
D) fish
E) insects Plants are more prone to sympatric speciation because hybrid sterility is not as much of a problem for plants as it is for other organisms. Because plants are tolerant of polyploidy, the doubling of chromosomes within a hybrid may allow it to undergo meiosis successfully and reproduce, producing a new species.
G) C) and E)
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A) specific epithet.
B) genus.
C) binomial name.
D) family name.
E) order name. The binomial nomenclature used by systematists includes the organism's genus and specific epithet.
G) B) and D)
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B) False
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B) False
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False
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B) False
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A) era - period - epoch
B) epoch - period - era
C) era - epoch - period
D) epoch - era - period
E) period - epoch - era An era is composed of two or more periods, and a period is composed of two or more epochs.
G) A) and E)
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A) only in the two most recent ancestors.
B) only among the members of the ingroup.
C) in both the outgroup and the ingroup.
D) in two of the outgroups.
E) only in the most distant ancestor. A shared ancestral trait is one that is presumed to have appeared in the common ancestor to the members of both the ingroup and outgroup. It is not a shared derived trait, so it is not used to construct the cladogram.
G) None of the above
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A) X; Y; Z
B) Y; Z; X
C) Y; Z; W
D) X; Z; W
E) W; Y; Z A shared derived trait can be found in all organisms descending from a common ancestor that are found on the same branch of the clade. Although X, Y, and Z will share at least one shared derived trait, Y and Z will possess a shared derived trait that is not shared by X.
G) A) and C)
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B
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B) False
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A) an outgroup and an ingroup
B) a common ancestor and all its descendant species
C) one taxon with shared derived characters
D) an ancestor and all its descendant species, and taxa with shared derived characters
E) an ingroup only A clade consists of a common ancestor with all descendant species.
G) A) and D)
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B) False
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A) gradually; as groups become isolated, they slowly evolve through their own individual pathways.
B) only after older species disappear from the fossil record.
C) suddenly after long periods of time with little to no change.
D) gradually after long periods of time with little to no change; as groups become isolated, they slowly evolve through their own individual pathways.
E) gradually over very short periods of time so that intermediate species are often observed in the fossil record. In the punctuated model of evolution, a species remains fairly stable for long periods of time, which are suddenly punctuated by rapid spurts of evolution where new species appear. This suggests that intermediate, or transitional, species are rare, and are thus seldom found in the fossil record.
G) A) and E)
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C
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